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Fictional magical rings in J.R.R. Tolkien'due south Middle-globe legendarium, including the One Ring

Rings of Power
Starting time appearance The Hobbit (1937: a magical ring)
The Lord of the Rings (1954–1955: Rings of Power)
Created by J. R. R. Tolkien
Genre Fantasy
In-story information
Blazon Magical rings

The Rings of Ability (besides known as the Bang-up Rings)[T 1] are fictional magical artefacts in J. R. R. Tolkien's writings about Middle-globe, especially his high fantasy book The Lord of the Rings. The Ruling Ring first appeared as a plot device, a magic ring in his children'due south book, The Hobbit; Tolkien later gave it a backstory and much greater power, equally well as 19 other Rings that it could command, including the Three Rings of the Elves, Vii Rings for the Dwarves, and 9 for Men. A fundamental story-element in The Lord of the Rings is the addictive power of the 1 Ring, fabricated secretly by the Dark Lord Sauron, while the Nine Rings enslave their bearers as Ringwraiths, Sauron'southward most mortiferous servants.

Proposed sources of inspiration for the Rings of Power range from Germanic legend with the band Andvaranaut and eventually Wagner'due south Der Ring Des Nibelungen, to fairy tales such as Snowfall White, which features both a magic ring and vii dwarfs. One experience which may have been pivotal was Tolkien's professional work on a Latin inscription at the temple of Nodens; he was a god-hero linked to the Irish hero Nuada Airgetlám, whose epithet is "Silver-Hand", or in Elvish "Celebrimbor", the proper noun of the Elven-smith who made the Rings of Power. The inscription contained a curse upon a band; and the site was chosen Dwarf's Colina.

The Rings of Ability have been described equally symbolising the way that power conflicts with moral behaviour; Tolkien explores the mode that different characters, from the humble gardener Sam Gamgee to the powerful Elf ruler Galadriel, the proud warrior Boromir to the Ring-addicted monster Gollum, interact with the One Ring. Tolkien stated that The Lord of the Rings was an exam of "placing power in external objects".[1]

Fictional history [edit]

"But wherefore should Heart-earth remain for ever desolate and dark, whereas the Elves could arrive as off-white every bit Eressëa, nay even equally Valinor? And since you accept non returned thither, equally you might, I perceive that you dear this Middle-earth, as practise I. Is information technology not then our task to labour together for its enrichment, and for the raising of all the Elven-kindreds that wander here untaught to the height of that ability and knowledge which those have who are beyond the Sea?"

— J.R.R. Tolkien, The Silmarillion, "The Rings of Power and the Third Age"

The Rings of Power were forged by the Elven-smiths of the Noldorin settlement of Eregion.[T 2] The smiths were led by Celebrimbor, the grandson of Fëanor, the greatest craftsman of the Noldor, working with Dwarves from Khazad-dûm (Moria) led by his friend Narvi. Sauron, powerful and aggressive, but humiliated by the fall of his evil master Morgoth at the end of the First Age, had evaded the summons of the godlike Valar to give up and face judgment; he chose to remain in Centre-earth and seek rule over its people.[T 3] In the Second Age, he arrived disguised equally a handsome emissary of the Valar named Annatar, the Lord of Gifts, offering the cognition to transform Middle-earth with the calorie-free of Valinor, the home of the Valar.[T 2] He was shunned by the Elven leaders Gil-galad and Elrond in Lindon, but managed to persuade the Noldorin Elves of Eregion.[T 3] With Sauron's help, they learnt to forge Rings of Power, creating the Seven and the Nine. While Celebrimbor created a set of Three on his ain, Sauron left for Mordor and forged the One Ring, a primary ring to control all the others, in the fires of Mount Doom.[T 2]

When the One Ring was made using the Black Speech, the Elves immediately became aware of Sauron's true motive to control the other Rings.[T iii] When Sauron ready the completed I Ring upon his finger, the Elves quickly hid their rings.[T 3] Celebrimbor entrusted one of the Three to Galadriel, and sent the other ii to Gil-galad and Círdan.[T four] [T 5] In an effort to seize all the Rings of Power for himself, Sauron waged an attack upon the Elves.[T iii] He destroyed Eregion and captured the 9. Nether torture, Celebrimbor revealed where the Seven were, but refused to reveal the Iii.[T 6]

Toward the finish of the Second Historic period, the Númenóreans took Sauron prisoner.[T 3] Sauron however managed to corrupt the Men of Númenor, leading to their civilisation'south eventual downfall.[T 3] The exiled Númenóreans who survived, led by Elendil and his sons Isildur and Anárion, established the realms of Arnor and Gondor.[T iii] Together with the Elves of Lindon, they formed a last alliance against Sauron, and emerged victorious.[T iii] Isildur cut the One Ring from Sauron's mitt and kept it, refusing to destroy information technology; he was later killed in an deadfall, and the Ring was lost for centuries.[T seven] During this time, the Elves were able to utilize the Three Rings, while the Nine given to the leaders of Men corrupted their wearers and turned them into the Nazgûl.[T 1] The Seven given to the Dwarves failed to subject them straight to Sauron'south will, just ignited a sense of avarice within them.[T 3] Over the years, Sauron sought to recapture the Rings, primarily the One, merely was only successful in recovering the Nine and three of the Seven.[T 7] During the Third Age, the One Ring was discovered by Bilbo Baggins (in The Hobbit) and a Fellowship was formed to destroy it, led by Bilbo's heir Frodo.[T 8] [T vii] [T 1] Following the successful devastation of the 1 Ring and the ultimate fall of Sauron, the power of the rings faded. While the Nine were destroyed, the 3 were rendered powerless; their bearers left Middle-earth for Valinor at the end of the Third Age, inaugurating the Rule of Men.[2] [T 9] [T 3]

Clarification [edit]

The Rhyme of the Rings

Three Rings for the Elven-kings under the sky,
Seven for the Dwarf-lords in their halls of stone,
Nine for Mortal Men doomed to die,
One for the Night Lord on his nighttime throne,
In the Land of Mordor where the Shadows lie,
One Ring to dominion them all, ane Band to notice them,
1 Band to bring them all and in the darkness bind them
In the State of Mordor where the Shadows lie

— J.R.R. Tolkien, The Lord of the Rings, Epigraph

As observed by Saruman, each Ring of Power was adorned with its "proper gem", except for the One Band, which was unadorned.[T one]

The One [edit]

Unlike the other Rings of Ability, the One was created equally an unadorned golden band, though it diameter Sauron's incantation, the Rhyme of the Rings, in the Black Voice communication; it became visible but when heated, whether past burn down or by Sauron's hand.[T 7] As the other Rings were fabricated nether the influence of Sauron, the ability of all the Rings depended on the One Band'due south survival.[2] [T 9] To make the One Ring, Sauron had to put almost all his own power into it—when worn, it enhanced his ability; unworn, it remained aligned to him unless another seized it and took control of it.[T x] A prospective owner could, if sufficiently strong, overthrow Sauron and usurp his place; simply they would get every bit evil every bit him.[T 10] As the One was made in the fires of Mountain Doom, it could only be unmade in that location.[T 1] Sauron, being evil, never imagined that anyone might endeavor to destroy the I Ring, as he imagined that anyone bearing it would be corrupted by information technology.[T 10]

The Three [edit]

The Rings of Power, their stones, and their bearers[T 3]

Named for the iii elements of fire, water, and air, the Three were the last to exist fabricated. While Celebrimbor forged the Three Rings alone in Eregion, they were moulded by Sauron's arts and crafts and were jump to the One.[T 2] Only after Sauron's defeat, when the 1 Ring was cutting from his finger at the finish of the 2d Age, did the Elves brainstorm to actively use the 3 to ward off the decay brought by time.[T 3] They are:

  • Narya (the Ring of Fire, the Red Band) was set up with a ruby. Its last bearer was the Magician Gandalf, who received it from Círdan at the Grey Havens during the Third Age.[T 5]
  • Nenya (the Band of Water, the White Ring, the Ring of Adamant) was made of mithril and set with a "shimmering white stone". Galadriel used it to protect and preserve the realm of Lothlórien.[T 3]
  • Vilya (the Ring of Air, the Blue Ring) was the mightiest of the Three. It was made of gold and set with a sapphire. Elrond inherited Vilya from Gil-galad and used it to safeguard Rivendell.[T iii]

The 7 [edit]

"Seven Rings" redirects here. For the Ariana Grande song, see vii Rings.

Sauron recovered the Seven Rings from information provided by Celebrimbor, and gave them to the leaders of the seven kindreds of the Dwarves: Durin's Folk, Firebeards, Broadbeams, Ironfists, Stiffbeards, Blacklocks, and Stonefoots,[3] though a tradition of Durin's Folk claimed that Durin received his ring from the Elven-smiths.[T eleven] [T 2] Over the years, Sauron was able to recover only 3 of the Seven rings from the Dwarves. The last of the Seven was seized from Thráin 2 during his captivity in Dol Guldur. Gandalf recounts to Frodo that the remaining 4 were consumed by dragons.[T 7] Before the outbreak of the War of the Ring, an envoy from Sauron attempted to bribe Dain Ii Ironfoot of the Lonely Mountain with the three surviving rings and the lost realm of Moria in exchange for data leading to the recovery of the One Ring, only Dain refused.[T ane]

The Ix [edit]

Further information: Nazgûl

Sauron gave 9 of the Rings of Ability to leaders of Men, who became "mighty in their twenty-four hour period, kings, sorcerers, and warriors of old". They gained unending lifespans, and the ability to see things in worlds invisible to mortal Men.[T 3] Ane by one, the Men fell to the ability of the 1 Ring; by the end of the 2nd Historic period, all 9 had go invisible ring-wraiths – the Nazgûl, Sauron's most terrible servants. In detail, they helped him search for the One Band, to which they were powerfully attracted.[T 12]

Powers [edit]

Powers and effects of the Rings
Blazon of Band Powers granted Effects on bearer
Ruling Ring Invisibility, extended lifespan, command,
knowledge of all other Rings		 Corruption to evil
Elven-Rings To heal and preserve ———
Dwarf-Rings To gain wealth, extended lifespan Greed, anger
Rings for Men Invisibility, extended lifespan, terror Enslavement, fading to permanent invisibility

The Rings of Power were made using the craft taught by Sauron to give their wearers "wealth and dominion over others". Each Ring enhances the "natural power" of its owner, thus approaching its "magical aspect", which can be "easily corruptible to evil and lust of domination".[T 13] Gandalf explains that a Band of Power is self-serving and can "look after itself": the I Ring in particular, can "slip off treacherously" to return to its master Sauron, betraying its bearer when an opportunity arrives.[T vii] Every bit the Ruling Ring, the I enables a sufficiently powerful bearer to perceive what is done by ways of the bottom rings, and to govern the thoughts of their bearers.[T three] To utilise the One Ring to its full extent, the bearer needs to be strong, and to railroad train its volition to the domination of others.[T 14]

A mortal Man or Hobbit who takes possession of a Ring of Power tin can manifest its ability, becoming invisible and able to see things that are normally invisible, equally the bearer is partly transported into the spirit world.[T 7] [4] [T 13] However, they too "fade"; the Rings unnaturally extend their life-spans, but gradually transform them into permanently invisible wraiths.[T 15] [T 7] [T 16] The Rings touch on other beings differently. The Seven are used past their Dwarven bearers to increase their treasure hoards, only they do not gain invisibility, and Sauron was unable to bend the Dwarves to his will; instead but amplifying their greed and anger.[T 3] Tom Bombadil, the just person unaffected by the power of the I Ring, could both come across its wearer and remained visible when he wore it.[T 17]

Unlike the other Rings, the principal purpose of the Iii was to "heal and preserve", as when Galadriel used Nenya to preserve her realm of Lothlórien over long periods of time.[1] The 3 practice not make their wearers invisible equally they were made without Sauron's direct interest, but can render themselves invisible to all but another Ring-bearer.[T 14] The Iii had other powers: Narya could rekindle hearts with its burn and inspire others to resist tyranny, domination, and despair; Nenya had a secret power in its water that protected from evil; while Vilya healed and preserved wisdom in its element of air.[T three]

Analysis [edit]

Plot device to cadre element [edit]

The I Ring offset appeared in Tolkien's children'southward fantasy The Hobbit in 1937 equally a plot device, a mysterious magic ring which the titular grapheme had stumbled upon, only its origin was left unexplained.[5] Following the book's success, Tolkien was persuaded by his publishers Allen & Unwin to write a sequel.[T 18] [6] Intending to give Bilbo some other risk, he instead devised a groundwork story around the Ring with its power of invisibility, forming a framework for the new work.[T 19] He tied the Band to mythical elements from the unfinished manuscripts for The Silmarillion to create an impression of depth in The Lord of the Rings.[seven] Gollum'southward characterisation in The Hobbit was revised for the 2nd edition to bring it into line with his portrayal in The Lord of the Rings as a beingness addicted to the I Ring.[T 20]

Tolkien's formulation of Ring-lore was closely linked to his development of the I Band.[8] He initially made Sauron instrumental in forging the Rings.[T 21] He then briefly considered having Fëanor, creator of the Silmarils, forge the Rings of Power, under the influence of Morgoth, the showtime Dark Lord. He settled on Celebrimbor, a descendant of Fëanor, as the Ring's chief maker, under the tutelage of Sauron, Morgoth'southward chief retainer.[T 22] While writing the lore behind the One Band, Tolkien struggled with giving the Elven rings a "special status" – somehow linked to the One, and thus endangered by information technology, but also "unsullied", having no direct connectedness with Sauron.[9] By the time he was writing the chapter "The Mirror of Galadriel", Tolkien had decided that the Seven and the Nine were made by the Elven-smiths of Eregion under Sauron's guidance, and that the 3 were fabricated past Celebrimbor alone.[ix] He considered setting the Three costless from the 1 when it was destroyed, but dropped the idea.[9] Tolkien'due south posthumous works including The Silmarillion, Unfinished Tales and The History of Middle-earth offer farther glimpses of the creation of the Rings.[T 2] [T 23] [T 24]

Inspiration [edit]

The Tolkien scholar Tom Shippey thought that Tolkien'due south work on a Latin inscription at a Roman temple at Lydney Park a "pivotal" influence, combining as it did a god-hero, a ring, dwarves, and a silver hand. The god-hero was Nodens, whom Tolkien traced to the Irish gaelic hero Nuada Airgetlám, "Nuada of the Silver-Hand", and the inscription carried a curse on a stolen ring. "Argent-Paw" is the English translation of "Celebrimbor", the Elven-smith who fabricated the Rings of Ability, in association with the Dwarven-smith Narvi. The temple was at a place called Dwarf'southward Hill.[11] [12] [10] [13] [14]

Magical rings occur in classical legend, in the form of Plato's Ring of Gyges which grants the power of invisibility to its wearer, though at that place is no suggestion that this influenced Tolkien.[fifteen] He was certainly influenced, all the same, by Germanic fable: Andvaranaut is a magical band that can requite its wielder wealth, while Draupnir is a self-multiplying ring that holds dominion over all the rings it creates. Richard Wagner's opera series, Der Ring des Nibelungen, adjusted Norse mythology to provide a magical but cursed golden ring.[16] Tolkien denied any connection, but scholars are agreed that Wagner's Ring powerfully influenced Tolkien.[17] The scholar of religion Stefan Arvidsson writes that Tolkien's ring differs from Wagner's in existence concerned with power for its own sake, and that he turned i ring into many, an repeat of the self-multiplying ring.[17]

Magic rings are a frequent motif in fairy tales; they confer powers such as invisibility or flying; they can summon wish-granting djinns and dwarves; indeed they may, writes the Tolkien and feminist scholar Melanie Rawls "place the enchanted princess, hold the tiny gilt key to the hole-and-corner room, requite one the power to transform oneself into any grade — animate being, vegetable, or mineral: duck, lake, rock or tree on a manifestly, and so escape the ogre."[18] As Tolkien was well acquainted with fairy tales like The Brothers Grimm's Snowfall White and the Seven Dwarfs, which involves a magic band, Jeanette White from Comic Book Resource suggested that his choice "to souvenir seven rings of ability to the Dwarf Lords of the vii kingdoms is probably no accident".[19] [xx]

Symbolism [edit]

According to the scholars of philosophy Gregory Bassham and Eric Bronson, the Rings of Power can exist seen equally a modern representation of the relationship between power and morality, remarking that it portrays an thought that "absolute power is in conflict with behaviour that respects the wishes and needs of others".[4] They likewise observed that several of Tolkien's characters have responded in different means when faced with the possibility of possessing the One Ring—characters such equally Samwise Gamgee and Galadriel accept rejected information technology; Boromir and Gollum were seduced by its power; and Frodo Baggins, though in limited utilise, ultimately succumbs to information technology; while Tom Bombadil can transcend from its power entirely.[iv] They likewise noted out that for Tolkien, the crucial moment of each character in the story is the moment in which they are tempted to use a Ring, a choice which volition determine their fate.[21] The science fiction author Isaac Asimov described the Rings of Power every bit symbols of industrial technology.[22] [23] While Tolkien denied that The Lord of the Rings was an allegory, he stated that it could be applied to situations and described it as an test of "placing ability in external objects".[one]

In a 2019 commodity published by Kaspersky Lab, Nikolay Pankov analysed Sauron's efforts to dominate or ensnare the bearers of the Rings of Ability from a modern perspective, with reference to the context of Tolkien's enthusiasm in the field of cryptanalysis besides as his participation in a language course run by the Authorities Lawmaking and Zilch School during the late 1930s.[24] [25] [26] [27] Pankov used analogies to existent-world information security terms such as supply chain attacks, phishing techniques, and botnet software to describe the struggles between Sauron and the various Band-bearers who are representatives of the Free Peoples of Eye-earth.[25]

In adaptations [edit]

Ralph Bakshi's 1978 animated film The Lord of the Rings begins with the forging of the Rings of Power and the events of the War of the Concluding Alliance confronting Sauron, all of which are animated in a silhouette confronting a ruby groundwork using rotoscoping.[28]

The forging of the Rings of Power opens the prologue of Peter Jackson'south The Lord of the Rings film series in 2001 The Fellowship of the Ring. The Three Elven Rings are shown being cast using a cuttlebone mould, an aboriginal casting technique. These were given to Gil-galad (portrayed by Marker Ferguson), Círdan (Michael Elsworth), and Galadriel (Cate Blanchett).[29] The Tolkien illustrator Alan Lee, employed equally a conceptual designer for the films, had a cameo as one of the nine homo Ring-bearers who later became the Nazgûl. Sauron (Sala Baker) is seen forging the One Ring at the chamber of Mount Doom.[xxx] The One Ring was as well shown to have the ability to adjust in size to the finger of its wearer, such as when information technology became smaller to fit Isildur (Harry Sinclair). In the extended version of the film, Galadriel also properly introduces Nenya, the Ring of Adamant, to Frodo. In the last sequel, The Render of the King (2003), the concluding wearers of the Three Rings—Gandalf (Ian McKellen), Elrond (Hugo Weaving), and Galadriel, announced openly at the Greyness Havens wearing the Three, with Galadriel proclaiming the end of its ability and the start of the Dominion of Men.[31]

Four Rings of Power appeared in Jackson's The Hobbit film serial. In An Unexpected Journeying (2012), the One Ring was constitute by Bilbo Baggins (portrayed by Martin Freeman).[32] In the extended version of the succeeding moving-picture show The Pathos of Smaug (2013), Gandalf discovers that Sauron took the Ring of Thrór (a Dwarf-Lord) from Thráin (Antony Sher), who revealed in a flashback scene his possession of the Ring during a siege of Moria.[33] In the last picture The Battle of the Five Armies (2014), Galadriel (Blanchett) reveals Nenya in rescuing Gandalf (McKellen) from Sauron (Benedict Cumberbatch), aided by Saruman (Christopher Lee) and Elrond (Weaving), who is wearing Vilya, the Ring of Air.[34]

In the 2014 video game Middle-globe: Shadow of Mordor, the wraith-like spirit of Celebrimbor (fused with the body of the Ranger Talion) recalls how Sauron had deceived him into forging the Rings of Ability.[35] In the sequel, Heart-world: Shadow of War, Celebrimbor forges a new Ring of Power unsullied by Sauron'due south influence.[36]

Come across also [edit]

  • The Palantírs – indestructible crystal stones that enable their users to see past and future, and to communicate with users of the other stones
  • The Silmarils – jewels crafted past Fëanor, Celebrimbor's ancestor, giving their name to The Silmarillion

References [edit]

Chief [edit]

This list identifies each item's location in Tolkien's writings.
  1. ^ a b c d e f Tolkien (1954), book 2, ch. ii "The Council of Elrond" harvp fault: no target: Fellowship_1954 (assist)
  2. ^ a b c d e f Tolkien (1980), "The History of Galadriel and Celeborn"
  3. ^ a b c d e f 1000 h i j k 50 thousand north o p q r s Tolkien (1977), p. 298, "Of the Rings of Power and the Third Age"
  4. ^ Tolkien (1955), Appendix B: "The Third Age"
  5. ^ a b Tolkien (1980), "The History of Galadriel and Celeborn": The original published edition of The Lord of the Rings states that Gil-galad and Círdan each received a Ring of Ability, though in his subsequent works Gil-galad received both and later gave one to Círdan.
  6. ^ Tolkien (1980), "The History of Galadriel and Celeborn": Christopher Tolkien notes that though information technology is implied that Sauron had taken possession of the Seven, there is no text detailing how those came into possession of the Dwarves, and the Dwarves of Moria maintained that their ring had come up directly from Celebrimbor.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h Tolkien (1954), book 1, ch. 2 "The Shadow of the Past" harvp error: no target: Fellowship_1954 (help)
  8. ^ Tolkien (1937), ch. five "Riddles in the Night"
  9. ^ a b Tolkien (1955), book half dozen, ch. 9 "The Gray Havens"
  10. ^ a b c Carpenter (1981), p. 155, Letter #131 to Milton Waldman, late 1951
  11. ^ Tolkien (1955), Appendix A: III. "Durin's Folk"
  12. ^ Tolkien (1955), Appendix B "The Tale of Years"
  13. ^ a b Carpenter (1981), p. 155, Letter of the alphabet #121 to Allen & Unwin, 13 July 1949
  14. ^ a b Tolkien (1954), book 2, ch. vii "The Mirror of Galadriel" harvp fault: no target: Fellowship_1954 (help)
  15. ^ Tolkien (1988), p. 78, "Of Gollum and the Ring"
  16. ^ Tolkien (1954), book 2, ch. i "Many Meetings" harvp error: no target: Fellowship_1954 (help)
  17. ^ Tolkien (1954), volume 1, ch. 7 "In the House of Tom Bombadil" harvp error: no target: Fellowship_1954 (aid)
  18. ^ Carpenter (1981), p. 155, Letter of the alphabet #19 to Stanley Unwin, 16 Dec 1937
  19. ^ Carpenter (1981), Letter #21 to Allen & Unwin, i February 1938
  20. ^ Tolkien (1937): In the first published edition of The Hobbit, Gollum is portrayed every bit less obsessed with the I Band, even offering it as a prize to Bilbo Baggins.
  21. ^ Tolkien (1989), p. 155
  22. ^ Tolkien (1989), p. 255
  23. ^ Tolkien (1988), ch. three "Of Gollum and the Ring"
  24. ^ Tolkien (1989), chs. 6, seven "The Council of Elrond" (parts one & ii)

Secondary [edit]

  1. ^ a b c Bassham & Bronson (2013), pp. 23–25.
  2. ^ a b Drout (2006), p. 573.
  3. ^ Strachan & Moseley (2017), p. 62.
  4. ^ a b c Bassham & Bronson (2013), p. 6-vii
  5. ^ Köberl (2006), p. 4.
  6. ^ Köberl (2006), p. 1.
  7. ^ Rérolle (2012).
  8. ^ Drout (2006), p. 572.
  9. ^ a b c Köberl (2006), p. 16
  10. ^ a b Anger, Don N. (2013) [2007]. "Report on the Excavation of the Prehistoric, Roman and Postal service-Roman Site in Lydney Park, Gloucestershire". In Drout, Michael D. C. (ed.). The J. R. R. Tolkien Encyclopedia. Routledge. pp. 563–564. ISBN978-0-415-86511-1.
  11. ^ J. R. R. Tolkien, "The Proper name Nodens", Appendix to "Written report on the digging of the prehistoric, Roman and post-Roman site in Lydney Park, Gloucestershire", Reports of the Research Committee of the Society of Antiquaries of London, 1932; besides in Tolkien Studies: An Annual Scholarly Review, Vol. 4, 2007
  12. ^ Lyons, Mathew (2004). At that place and Back Once again: In the Footsteps of J. R. R. Tolkien. London: Cadogan Guides. p. 63. ISBN978-1860111396.
  13. ^ Armstrong, Helen (May 1997). "And Have an Centre to That Dwarf". Amon Hen: The Bulletin of the Tolkien Society (145): 13–xiv.
  14. ^ Bowers, John 1000. (2019). Tolkien's Lost Chaucer. Oxford Academy Press. pp. 131–132. ISBN978-0-19-884267-five.
  15. ^ Radeska, Tijana (28 Feb 2018). "The idea of "the Ring" existed centuries before Tolkien's epic saga". The Vintage News.
  16. ^ Simek 2005, pp. 165, 173
  17. ^ a b Arvidsson, Stefan (2010). "Greed and the Nature of Evil: Tolkien versus Wagner" (PDF). Periodical of Religion and Popular Culture. 22 (2). article 7. doi:10.3138/jrpc.22.2.007.
  18. ^ Rawls, Melanie (1984). "The Rings of Ability". Mythlore. 11 (2). Commodity 5.
  19. ^ White, Jeannette (twenty Feb 2021). "Are Lord of the Rings and Disney's Snow White Part of the Aforementioned Universe?". CBR. Retrieved 31 March 2021.
  20. ^ Grundhauser, Eric (25 April 2017). "The Movie Date That Solidified J.R.R. Tolkien'due south Dislike of Walt Disney". Atlas Obscura. Retrieved 31 March 2021.
  21. ^ Bassham & Bronson (2013), p. x.
  22. ^ Asimov (1996), p. 155, Concerning Tolkien.
  23. ^ Bassham & Bronson (2013), p. 21.
  24. ^ Garth, John (2003). Tolkien and the Great War. Harper-Collins. p. 114. ISBN978-0-00-711953-0.
  25. ^ a b Pankov, Nikolay (one March 2019). "Cybersecurity report from Middle-world". Kaspersky Lab. Retrieved four Apr 2021.
  26. ^ "JRR Tolkien trained as British spy". The Telegraph. 16 September 2009. Archived from the original on 2022-01-12. Retrieved 4 April 2021.
  27. ^ "JRR Tolkien was keen to become a cryptanalyst". Regime Communications Headquarters. 1 September 2016. Retrieved 4 April 2021.
  28. ^ Gilkeson (2018).
  29. ^ Pak, Jaron (24 July 2019). "The most powerful elves in Peter Jackson's Lord of the Rings". Looper.com . Retrieved 2 December 2019.
  30. ^ "Interview: December 16, 2005". The Book Report, Inc. December 16, 2005. Retrieved 2 December 2019.
  31. ^ Elvy, Craig (viii November 2019). "Lord Of The Rings: What Happened To The OTHER Rings Of Power". Screen Rant . Retrieved two December 2019.
  32. ^ "Gollum and Bilbo Run across in New Prune From The Hobbit". CraveOnline. 12 December 2012. Retrieved 2 December 2019.
  33. ^ "The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug Extended Edition Scene Guide". TheOneRing.net. 21 October 2014. Retrieved 2 December 2019.
  34. ^ Nuwer, Rachel (19 December 2014). "The Tolkien Nerd's Guide to "The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies"". Smithsonian Establishment. Retrieved 2 December 2019.
  35. ^ Beck, Kellen (nine June 2017). "There's a new ring of power in Tolkien's 'Lord of the Rings' universe". Mashable . Retrieved two December 2019.
  36. ^ Kain, Erik (27 February 2017). "New Ring Of Power Probably A Bad Idea In 'Middle-earth: Shadow of State of war'". Forbes . Retrieved ii Dec 2019.

Sources [edit]

  • Asimov, Isaac (1996). Magic: The Final Fantasy Collection. New York: Harper Prism. ISBN0-061-05205-i.
  • Bassham, Gregory; Bronson, Eric (2013). The Lord of the Rings and Philosophy: One Book to Dominion Them All. Chicago: Open up Courtroom. ISBN978-0-812-69806-0.
  • Drout, Michael (2006). Drout, Michael D.C (ed.). J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia: Scholarship and Critical Assessment. Abingdon: Routledge. doi:x.4324/9780203961513. ISBN1-135-88034-4.
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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Power

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